Ovarian Tumours
In singapore

Discovering an ovarian tumour can be overwhelming and raise many concerns about your health and future. While the word “tumour” may sound frightening, many ovarian tumours are benign (non-cancerous) and treatable. At our clinic, our Gynaecologist provides thorough evaluation and personalised care to guide you through diagnosis and management with professional support.

Dr. Harvard Lin

Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

MBBS (SG)|MRCOG (UK)|MMed (OBGYN) (SG)

Make an Enquiry

Types Causes & Risks Symptoms When to See a Doctor Diagnosis Treatment Complications FAQ Conclusion

What are Ovarian Tumours?

Ovarian tumours are growths that develop in or on the ovaries, the reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones. These growths can vary significantly in size, type, and behaviour. Some tumours remain small and cause little to no symptoms, while others may grow large enough to cause discomfort or affect organ function. In Singapore, ovarian tumours affect women of all ages, though certain types are more common in specific age groups. Most ovarian tumours diagnosed in premenopausal women are benign, while the risk of malignancy increases with age, particularly after menopause.

Types of Ovarian Tumours

Benign Ovarian Tumours

Functional Cysts

The most common type of ovarian tumours in women of reproductive age. Functional cysts develop as part of the menstrual cycle and typically resolve on their own within a few months. They include follicular cysts and corpus luteum cysts.

Dermoid Cysts (Mature Teratomas)

These cysts contain various tissue types such as hair, teeth, and skin cells. They develop from embryonic cells and can occur at any age but are most common in women under 40. Despite their unusual contents and are almost always benign.

Cystadenomas

These tumours develop from the surface of the ovary and can be filled with watery fluid (serous cystadenomas) or thick, sticky material (mucinous cystadenomas). They can grow quite large but are typically benign.

Endometriomas

Also known as “chocolate cysts”, these develop in women with endometriosis when endometrial tissue grows on the ovaries. They contain old blood, which gives them their characteristic dark appearance.

Borderline Ovarian Tumours

These tumours fall between benign and malignant tumours. Although the cells look abnormal under the microscope, they don’t invade surrounding tissue like cancerous tumours. They require careful monitoring, and in some cases, surgical treatment but generally have a good prognosis.

Malignant Ovarian Tumours

Malignant tumours are cancerous growths that can spread to other parts of the body. The most common type is epithelial ovarian cancer, which begins in the cells that line the ovary. Less common forms include germ cell tumours, which develop from the cells that produce eggs, and stromal tumours, which arise from the hormone-producing cells of the ovary. These types can sometimes occur in younger women.

Causes

The exact cause of ovarian tumours remains unclear in most cases. The normal process of ovulation, where the ovary releases an egg each month, may play a role in some tumour formation due to the repeated tissue repair required.

Risk Factors

Age: Risk increases with age, particularly after menopause
Family history: Close relatives with ovarian or breast cancer
Genetic mutations: Variants in genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 can increase risk.
Reproductive history: Women who have never been pregnant may have a higher chance of certain tumour types
Endometriosis: Can be associated with some ovarian tumours
Hormone replacement therapy: Long-term use may slightly increase risk
Early menstruation or late menopause: Extended exposure to hormones may increase risk
Obesity: May increase risk for certain types of ovarian tumours
Previous cancer history: History of breast, colorectal, or uterine cancer

Signs & Symptoms

Early Symptoms

Mild pelvic or abdominal discomfort
Bloating that comes and goes
Changes in menstrual patterns
Feeling full quickly when eating
Mild digestive issues

Progressive Symptoms

Persistent bloating or abdominal swelling
Pelvic pain or pressure that doesn’t resolve
Frequent or urgent urination
Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
Unexplained weight loss or gain
Changes in bowel habits

Advanced Symptoms

Severe abdominal or pelvic pain
Visible abdominal swelling or mass
Persistent nausea or vomiting
Extreme fatigue
Shortness of breath
Pain during intercourse

Many ovarian tumours, particularly small ones, cause no symptoms and are discovered incidentally during routine examinations or imaging for other conditions. Symptoms often develop gradually and may be mistaken for other common conditions, which is why regular gynaecological check-ups are important.

Experiencing these symptoms?

Schedule a consultation with our Gynaecologist for evaluation and discussion of potential monitoring or treatment options.

Book Appointment

When to See a Doctor

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience sudden, severe abdominal pain, especially if accompanied by fever, nausea, or vomiting, as this could indicate ovarian torsion, a medical emergency. Schedule a consultation if you notice persistent bloating lasting more than two weeks, unexplained changes in your menstrual cycle, or any combination of the symptoms mentioned above that don’t improve with time.

During your first consultation, our Gynaecologist can conduct a thorough medical history review and physical examination. You can expect questions about your symptoms, menstrual history, family medical history, and any previous gynaecological issues. The examination may include a pelvic exam to check for any abnormalities. Depending on the findings, additional tests may be recommended to determine the nature and type of any ovarian tumour.

Early detection and evaluation is important. Even if symptoms seem mild, professional assessment can provide reassurance and ensure any necessary treatment begins promptly.

Diagnosis & Testing Methods

Evaluation of ovarian tumours involves a combination of clinical assessment and diagnostic tests. Our Gynaecologist can start with a thorough pelvic examination to check for any enlargement or masses.

Transvaginal ultrasound is typically the first imaging test performed, providing detailed images of the ovaries and any tumours present. This painless procedure uses sound waves to visualise the internal structures and can help determine the size, location, and characteristics of tumours. The test requires no special preparation and results are available immediately.

Blood tests, including CA-125 and other tumour markers, may be ordered to help assess the likelihood of malignancy.Elevated levels can sometimes indicate certain types of ovarian tumours. They are not definitive on their own and must be interpreted alongside other findings.

For complex cases or when more detail is needed, MRI or CT scans provide comprehensive imaging of the pelvis and abdomen. These tests can show the relationship between tumours and surrounding structures and check for any spread beyond the ovaries. Results are typically available within a few days.

In some cases, further evaluation of the tumour tissue may be needed to clarify its nature, which can involve surgical removal and laboratory analysis.

Treatment Options Overview

Watchful Waiting

For small, benign-appearing tumours in premenopausal women, monitoring may be recommended. This involves regular ultrasound scans every few months to track any changes in size or appearance. Many functional cysts resolve spontaneously within 2-3 menstrual cycles without the need for intervention.

Hormonal Medications

Birth control pills or other hormonal treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce the likelihood of new functional cysts forming. These medications work by suppressing ovulation, giving the ovaries a rest from their monthly cycle. Treatment duration typically ranges from 3-6 months, with follow-up to assess progress.

Pain Management

For tumours that cause discomfort but do not require immediate surgery, pain relief medications or anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to manage symptoms. Non-medical approaches such as heat therapy and light exercise may also provide relief for mild discomfort.

Laparoscopic Surgery

Laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery is a minimally invasive procedure that uses small incisions and a camera to remove ovarian tumours. This approach aims to remove the tumour while preserving as much healthy ovarian tissue as possible. Recovery is generally shorter compared to open surgery, with many patients resuming normal activities within 1–2 weeks.

Ovarian Cystectomy

This procedure involves removing the cyst or tumour while preserving the rest of the ovary. This procedure is often considered for women who wish to maintain fertility, as it allows the ovary to continue functioning normally. During surgery, the cyst is carefully separated from the surrounding ovarian tissue to minimise disruption to healthy structures.

Oophorectomy

In some cases, removal of the entire affected ovary may be needed, particularly for large tumours or when malignancy is suspected. In women who have completed childbearing or are postmenopausal, bilateral oophorectomy (removal of both ovaries) may be recommended depending on the individual’s conditions.

Open Surgery

For larger or more complex tumours, open surgery through a larger abdominal incision may be required. This approach allows the surgeon better access to evaluate the pelvis and safely remove the tumour. In certain cases, additional procedures may be performed during the same operation if further assessment is necessary.

Experiencing abdominal swelling, pelvic pain, or digestive changes?

Arrange a visit to discuss your symptoms in detail, explore potential causes, and learn about ways to manage your condition safely.

Schedule Consultation

Complications if Left Untreated

Untreated ovarian tumours can sometimes lead to various complications depending on their type and size. Large tumours may cause ovarian torsion, where the ovary twists on itself, cutting off blood supply and causing severe pain. This situation requires urgent medical attention.

Another possible complication is tumor rupture, which can cause sudden pain and internal bleeding. While many cyst ruptures resolve on their own, some may require emergency treatment. Some benign tumours can interfere with fertility by affecting normal ovarian function or blocking the fallopian tubes.

In addition, delaying medical evaluation may reduce the chance of detecting malignant tumours at an early stage. Regular monitoring and timely intervention help prevent these complications and ensure good health outcomes.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Are all ovarian tumours cancerous?

No, most ovarian tumours are benign (non-cancerous), especially in premenopausal women. A proper medical evaluation is important to determine whether a tumour is benign or malignant, as early detection of cancerous growths can improve treatment outcomes.

Can ovarian tumours affect my fertility?

Some ovarian tumours may affect fertility, depending on their type, size, and whether they involve one or both ovaries. In many cases, fertility-preserving treatment is possible. If surgery is required, our Gynaecologist may discuss options that aim to remove the tumour while keeping as much healthy ovarian tissue as possible, taking into account your individual needs and family planning goals.

How are ovarian tumours different from polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

While both conditions involve the ovaries, they are quite different. PCOS is a hormonal disorder that chases multiple small cysts and metabolic issues, whereas ovarian tumours are distinct growths that can vary in size and type. The “cysts” seen in PCOS are immature follicles, not true tumours, and rarely require surgical treatment unlike some ovarian tumours.

What happens during laparoscopic surgery for ovarian tumours?

Laparoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive procedure performed under general anaesthesia. A few small incisions are made in the abdomen to insert a thin camera (laparoscope) and specialised instruments. This allows the tumour to be carefully removed while preserving healthy ovarian tissue. The procedure usually takes 30–90 minutes, and most patients can go home the same day or after an overnight stay.

How often should I have follow-up checks after ovarian tumour treatment?

Follow-up frequency depends on the type of tumour and treatment received. For benign tumours removed completely, annual check-ups may be sufficient. For borderline tumours or those at higher risk, more frequent monitoring every 3-6 months may be recommended initially. Our Gynaecologist can create a personalised follow-up schedule based on your specific situation.

Can ovarian tumours come back after treatment?

The likelihood of recurrence depends on the type of tumour. Most benign ovarian tumours do not return once completely removed. However, having had one benign tumour can slightly increase the chance of developing another. Tumours associated with conditions like endometriosis may recur if the underlying condition persists. Regular follow-up appointments allow for early detection and timely evaluation of any new growths.

Conclusion

Ovarian tumours include a wide range of conditions, from simple cysts that resolve on their own to complex tumours requiring surgical intervention. While finding an ovarian tumour can be concerning, many are benign and manageable with proper medical care. Early evaluation and timely management are key to preserving your health and fertility.

Understanding your diagnosis, treatment options, and the importance of follow-up care empowers you to make informed decisions about your health. Careful monitoring and appropriate management help ensure ovarian function is preserved whenever possible.

Concerned about ovarian tumours?

Schedule a consultation for a professional assessment and guidance on next steps. Early evaluation can help identify any changes and provide clarity.

Book Your Consultation Today

Dr. Harvard Lin

Obstetrician & Gynaecologist

MBBS (SG)|MRCOG (UK)|MMed (OBGYN) (SG)

Dr. Harvard Lin is renowned for his expertise in female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgery.

Dr. Lin’s journey in medicine began at the prestigious National University of Singapore, where he earned his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS). His commitment to excellence led him to further his education by becoming a Member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG) through the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in the United Kingdom. He also holds a Master of Medicine (Obstetrics and Gynaecology) from the National University of Singapore.

As the Chief Coordinator of Gynaecologic Services at the National University Health System (NUHS), Dr. Lin plays a pivotal role in ensuring the highest quality care for women’s health. His leadership is also evident in his position as the Deputy Clinical Director of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at NUHS, where he contributes to shaping gynaecologic practices and growth across the cluster including Ng Teng Fong Hospital, Alexandra Hospital and Jurong Medical Centre.

read full bio

Billing & Insurance